Methodology

How the numbers are computed

Each provider profile is assembled from up to a dozen public datasets. Below is how every figure on a card is calculated, and from which source.

Provider identity

The NPI (National Provider Identifier) is the unique key. We import the monthly NPPES Data Dissemination file and refresh weekly using the incremental files. Deactivated NPIs are excluded.

Specialties

NPPES allows up to 15 taxonomy codes per provider; we display the one with the "Primary Taxonomy Switch" set to Y, falling back to the first listed if none is marked primary. Codes are mapped to names from the NUCC Health Care Provider Taxonomy.

Open Payments

We aggregate the General Payments file from CMS Open Payments by (NPI × payer company × payment type × year). We do not include research or ownership payments unless explicitly noted.

Medicare procedures

From the Medicare Physician & Other Practitioners — by Provider and Service file. Counts are services rendered, beneficiaries are unique patient counts. Note: this only covers Medicare fee-for-service patients, not the provider's full practice.

Sanctions

From OIG LEIE. Cross-referenced on NPI when available. A "No known sanctions" badge means no LEIE record matched on NPI as of the last refresh — it does not guarantee absence elsewhere.

Hospital quality

From CMS Hospital Compare and HCAHPS, refreshed quarterly. The Overall Rating is CMS's published 1–5 stars and combines mortality, safety, readmission, patient experience, timeliness, and effectiveness scores.

Refresh cadence

  • NPPES — weekly
  • OIG LEIE — monthly
  • Hospital Compare / POS — quarterly
  • Open Payments — annually (June release)
  • Medicare procedures — annually